![]() Stephen Hawking - Wikipedia. Stephen Hawking. CH, CBE, FRS, FRSABorn. Stephen William Hawking(1. January 1. 94. 2 (age 7. Oxford, England, United Kingdom. Residence. United Kingdom. ![]() FBI Director James Comey on Wednesday defended his decision to announce the reopening of the Hillary Clinton investigation less than two weeks before the U.S. Two Rogue One prequel books are on the shelves: the Jyn Erso-focused Rebel Rising and the Baze Malbus and Chirrut Îmwe-starring Guardians of the Whills.
![]() ![]() Nationality. British. Fields. Institutions. Alma mater. Thesis. Properties of Expanding Universes (1. Children. 3, including Lucy Hawking. Signature. Websitehawking. Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (i; born 8 January 1. Story Highlights; Stephen Hawking is a rare case of someone who has survived decades with ALS; ALS affects 350,000 people worldwide and as many as 30,000.![]() English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, author and Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the University of Cambridge. Hawking was the first to set forth a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He is a vigorous supporter of the many- worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. In 2. 00. 2, Hawking was ranked number 2. BBC's poll of the 1. Greatest Britons. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1. A Brief History of Time appeared on the British Sunday Times best- seller list for a record- breaking 2. Hawking has a rare early- onset, slow- progressing form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that has gradually paralysed him over the decades. ![]() His mother was Scottish. The two met shortly after the beginning of the Second World War at a medical research institute where Isobel was working as a secretary and Frank was working as a medical researcher. They lived in Highgate; but, as London was being bombed in those years, Isobel went to Oxford to give birth in greater safety. Hawking has two younger sisters, Philippa and Mary, and an adopted brother, Edward. In 1. 95. 0, when Hawking's father became head of the division of parasitology at the National Institute for Medical Research, Hawking and his family moved to St Albans, Hertfordshire. In St Albans, the family were considered highly intelligent and somewhat eccentric; meals were often spent with each person silently reading a book. They lived a frugal existence in a large, cluttered, and poorly maintained house and travelled in a converted London taxicab. During one of Hawking's father's frequent absences working in Africa, the rest of the family spent four months in Majorca visiting his mother's friend Beryl and her husband, the poet Robert Graves. Primary and secondary school years. Hawking began his schooling at the Byron House School in Highgate, London. At that time, younger boys could attend one of the houses. Hawking attended Radlett School, an independent school in the village of Radlett in Hertfordshire, for a year, and from September 1. St Albans School. The family placed a high value on education. Hawking's father wanted his son to attend the well- regarded Westminster School, but the 1. Hawking was ill on the day of the scholarship examination. His family could not afford the school fees without the financial aid of a scholarship, so Hawking remained at St Albans. A positive consequence was that Hawking remained with a close group of friends with whom he enjoyed board games, the manufacture of fireworks, model aeroplanes and boats, and long discussions about Christianity and extrasensory perception. From 1. 95. 8 on, with the help of the mathematics teacher Dikran Tahta, they built a computer from clock parts, an old telephone switchboard and other recycled components. Although known at school as . With time, he began to show considerable aptitude for scientific subjects and, inspired by Tahta, decided to read mathematics at university. He also wanted his son to attend University College, Oxford, his own alma mater. As it was not possible to read mathematics there at the time, Hawking decided to study physics and chemistry. Despite his headmaster's advice to wait until the next year, Hawking was awarded a scholarship after taking the examinations in March 1. Undergraduate years. Hawking began his university education at University College, Oxford. For the first eighteen months, he was bored and lonely – he was younger than many of the other students, and found the academic work . His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said, . He developed into a popular, lively and witty college member, interested in classical music and science fiction. Part of the transformation resulted from his decision to join the college boat club, the University College Boat Club, where he coxed a rowing team. The rowing trainer at the time noted that Hawking cultivated a daredevil image, steering his crew on risky courses that led to damaged boats. Hawking has estimated that he studied about a thousand hours during his three years at Oxford. These unimpressive study habits made sitting his finals a challenge, and he decided to answer only theoretical physics questions rather than those requiring factual knowledge. A first- class honours degree was a condition of acceptance for his planned graduate study in cosmology at the University of Cambridge. Anxious, he slept poorly the night before the examinations, and the final result was on the borderline between first- and second- class honours, making a viva (oral examination) necessary. Hawking was concerned that he was viewed as a lazy and difficult student. So, when asked at the oral to describe his future plans, he said, . If I receive a Second, I shall stay in Oxford, so I expect you will give me a First. After receiving a first- class. BA (Hons.) degree in natural science and completing a trip to Iran with a friend, he began his graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in October 1. He was initially disappointed to find that he had been assigned Dennis William Sciama, one of the founders of modern cosmology, as a supervisor rather than noted astronomer Fred Hoyle, and he found his training in mathematics inadequate for work in general relativity and cosmology. After being diagnosed with motor neurone disease, Hawking fell into a depression – though his doctors advised that he continue with his studies, he felt there was little point. However, his disease progressed more slowly than doctors had predicted. Although Hawking had difficulty walking unsupported, and his speech was almost unintelligible, an initial diagnosis that he had only two years to live proved unfounded. With Sciama's encouragement, he returned to his work. Hawking started developing a reputation for brilliance and brashness when he publicly challenged the work of Fred Hoyle and his student Jayant Narlikar at a lecture in June 1. When Hawking began his graduate studies, there was much debate in the physics community about the prevailing theories of the creation of the universe: the Big Bang and Steady State theories. Inspired by Roger Penrose's theorem of a spacetime singularity in the centre of black holes, Hawking applied the same thinking to the entire universe; and, during 1. There were other positive developments: Hawking received a research fellowship at Gonville and Caius College; he obtained his Ph. D degree in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology, in March 1. This included not only the existence of singularities but also the theory that the universe might have started as a singularity. Their joint essay was the runner- up in the 1. Gravity Research Foundation competition. In 1. 97. 0 they published a proof that if the universe obeys the general theory of relativity and fits any of the models of physical cosmology developed by Alexander Friedmann, then it must have begun as a singularity. Bardeen and Brandon Carter, he proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an analogy with thermodynamics. To Hawking's irritation, Jacob Bekenstein, a graduate student of John Wheeler, went further—and ultimately correctly—to apply thermodynamic concepts literally. In the early 1. 97. Hawking's work with Carter, Werner Israel and David C. Robinson strongly supported Wheeler's no- hair theorem that no matter what the original material from which a black hole is created, it can be completely described by the properties of mass, electrical charge and rotation. Hawking's first book, The Large Scale Structure of Space- Time, written with George Ellis, was published in 1. Beginning in 1. 97. Hawking moved into the study of quantum gravity and quantum mechanics. His work in this area was spurred by a visit to Moscow and discussions with Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Alexei Starobinsky, whose work showed that according to the uncertainty principle, rotating black holes emit particles. To Hawking's annoyance, his much- checked calculations produced findings that contradicted his second law, which claimed black holes could never get smaller, and supported Bekenstein's reasoning about their entropy. His results, which Hawking presented from 1. Hawking radiation, which may continue until they exhaust their energy and evaporate. However, by the late 1. Hawking was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1. Hawking radiation. At the time, he was one of the youngest scientists to become a Fellow. Hawking was appointed to the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1. He worked with a friend on the faculty, Kip Thorne, and engaged him in a scientific wager about whether the dark star. Cygnus X- 1 was a black hole. Hawking acknowledged that he had lost the bet in 1. Thorne and others. Hawking has maintained ties to Caltech, spending a month there almost every year since this first visit. Hawking returned to Cambridge in 1. The mid- to late 1. Hawking was regularly interviewed for print and television. He also received increasing academic recognition of his work. In 1. 97. 5, he was awarded both the Eddington Medal and the Pius XI Gold Medal, and in 1. Dannie Heineman Prize, the Maxwell Prize and the Hughes Medal. He was appointed a professor with a chair in gravitational physics in 1. The following year he received the Albert Einstein Medal and an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford. In the late 1. 97.
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